{"id":2697,"date":"2023-03-04T20:18:36","date_gmt":"2023-03-04T23:18:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/?page_id=2697"},"modified":"2026-05-02T08:28:00","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T11:28:00","slug":"cq302-termo_eletro","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq302-termo_eletro\/","title":{"rendered":"CQ302 &#8211; Termodin\u00e2mica e Eletroqu\u00edmica"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>O contexto<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\nAt\u00e9 a \u00e9poca da Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o Francesa n\u00e3o havia uma ci\u00eancia qu\u00edmica. Trabalho de laborat\u00f3rio era geralmente circunscrito aos conceitos milenares da Alquimia. O crescente uso de balan\u00e7as em laborat\u00f3rio para medir as massas de reagentes e produtos, antes e depois das rea\u00e7\u00f5es, proporcionou aos fil\u00f3sofos do final do s\u00e9culo XVIII, principalmente Lavoisier e Dalton, estabelecer as funda\u00e7\u00f5es da Qu\u00edmica enquanto ci\u00eancia formal. Com o aparecimento das ind\u00fastrias qu\u00edmicas no come\u00e7o do s\u00e9culo XIX, a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de qu\u00edmica em escala industrial tornou-se uma realidade.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-2697 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/lavoisier\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/LAVOISIER-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-78\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-78'>\n\t\t\t\tAntoine Lavoisier\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq276\/clapeyron\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/Clapeyron-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-84\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-84'>\n\t\t\t\tBeno\u00eet Clapeyron\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/hess_germain_henri\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/Hess_Germain_Henri-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-80\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-80'>\n\t\t\t\tGermain Henri Hess\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq276\/gibbsc\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/gibbsc-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-86\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-86'>\n\t\t\t\tJ. Willard Gibbs\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>No come\u00e7o do s\u00e9culo XIX as bases te\u00f3ricas para o entendimento dos fen\u00f4menos de transfer\u00eancia de energia estabelecido por gigantes como Lavoisier, Clapeyron, Hess e Gibbs. A grande sacada foi a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de que os potenciais termodin\u00e2micos s\u00e3o descritos por fun\u00e7\u00f5es matem\u00e1ticas bem-comportadas, as fun\u00e7\u00f5es de estado. As aplica\u00e7\u00f5es em grande escala s\u00e3o\u00a0em grande parte regidos pela lei de Hess.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-2697 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq113-termodinamica-e-eletroquimica\/faraday\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2018\/02\/faraday-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-863\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-863'>\n\t\t\t\tMichael Faraday\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/nh4cl_formation\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/NH4Cl_formation-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-324\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-324'>\n\t\t\t\tCiclo termodin\u00e2mico \n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq276\/helmholtz\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/Helmholtz-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-85\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-85'>\n\t\t\t\tHermann Helmholz\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq113-termodinamica-e-eletroquimica\/celula_esquema\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2018\/02\/celula_esquema-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Paralelamente, estavam sendo estudadas as rea\u00e7\u00f5es de oxida\u00e7\u00e3o e redu\u00e7\u00e3o, principalmente em conex\u00e3o com a gera\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o de energia el\u00e9trica no contexto das pilhas eletroqu\u00edmicas estudadas por Davy e Faraday. No final do s\u00e9culo XIX Gibbs e Helmholz compreenderam claramente que m\u00e9todos eletroqu\u00edmicos s\u00e3o os mais eficientes para medir com precis\u00e3o os potenciais termodin\u00e2micos de rea\u00e7\u00f5es simples (pois o potencial el\u00e9trico n\u00e3o \u00e9 fun\u00e7\u00e3o de estado, mas multiplicado pelo n\u00famero de el\u00e9trons transferidos sim!).<\/p>\n<p>Em vista da diversidade dos conceitos e protocolos utilizados, \u00e9 interessante para os qu\u00edmicos terem um s\u00f3lido conhecimento de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Termodin%C3%A2mica\">Termodin\u00e2mica<\/a> e Eletroqu\u00edmica. O objetivo desta disciplina CQ302 \u00e9 fornecer a forma\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria para ser usada pelo aluno em futuras disciplinas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esta disciplina<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No segundo e terceiro anos deste curso de Qu\u00edmica, os alunos se ocupam bastante com F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica, em particular as disciplinas de Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica (CQ239) ou F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica I (CQ240) . Esta disciplina visa fornecer ao aluno de Qu\u00edmica uma base em Termodin\u00e2mica, assim como uma compreens\u00e3o dos procedimentos mais comuns de medida. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2026\/02\/syllabus_CQ302_20261.pdf\">Syllabus de CQ302<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Neste semestre quatro exames parciais ser\u00e3o aplicados, cada um valendo 100 pontos, nas datas:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>19 de mar\u00e7o &#8211; 30 de abril &#8211; 28 de maio &#8211; 25 de junho<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ser\u00e3o considerados aprovados por m\u00e9dia os alunos que alcan\u00e7arem 280 pontos ou mais ap\u00f3s os quatro exames. Os alunos com m\u00e9dia entre 40 e 69 pontos prestar\u00e3o um exame final, a se realizar na quinta-feira, dia<strong> 1 de julho de 2026.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq302-restrito\/\">Bibliografia e material suplementar<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nesta disciplina o texto-base ser\u00e1 a 7a. edi\u00e7\u00e3o de F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica, de Peter Atkins &amp; Julio de Paula (volume 1, cap\u00edtulos 0 a 10). Os <em>handouts<\/em> de algumas aulas (em formato pdf ) est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis para <em>download<\/em> no <em>link<\/em> acima. Recomenda-se que o aluno leia com calma este material antes das aulas, para n\u00e3o ficar perdido. As listas de exerc\u00edcios (em formato pdf ) tamb\u00e9m est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis para <em>download<\/em> no <em>link<\/em> acima. Recomenda-se que o aluno use estas listas para praticar e tenha pleno conhecimento de cada material antes de estudar o pr\u00f3ximo ponto.<\/p>\n<p><em>Qualquer situa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o-prevista ser\u00e1 resolvida a crit\u00e9rio do professor respons\u00e1vel. Por isso, recomenda-se que em situa\u00e7\u00f5es estranhas contacte-se o professor o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><em><strong>Pr\u00f3xima aula: 05\/05 &#8211; devolutiva da P2<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Resultados do Primeiro Semestre de 2026:<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 138.607%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\"><strong>Aluno<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><strong>P1 (19\/03)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\"><b>P2 (30\/04)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><b>P3 (28\/05)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><b>P4 (25\/06)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\"><b>Total de pontos<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><b>Exame final<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><b>Nota final<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\">KWR<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\">92<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\">80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\">172 (+32)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\">NFM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\">85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\">91<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\">176 (+36)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\">BCDO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\">47<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\">87<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\">KAL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\">29<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\">53<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\">82<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\">DSTL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\">49<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\">67<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\">LZCS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\">NC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\">NC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2058%\"><strong>M\u00e9dia:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><strong>45,0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.2929%;text-align: center\"><strong>68,3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.4673%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.6417%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 9.59024%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1238%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>As provas realizadas estar\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis para exame mediante contato com o professor respons\u00e1vel.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O contexto At\u00e9 a \u00e9poca da Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o Francesa n\u00e3o havia uma ci\u00eancia qu\u00edmica. Trabalho de laborat\u00f3rio era geralmente circunscrito aos conceitos milenares da Alquimia. O crescente uso de balan\u00e7as em laborat\u00f3rio para medir as massas de reagentes e produtos, antes e depois das rea\u00e7\u00f5es, proporcionou aos fil\u00f3sofos do final do s\u00e9culo XVIII, principalmente Lavoisier e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2697","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2697","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2697"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2697\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3774,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2697\/revisions\/3774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}