{"id":2419,"date":"2022-05-30T12:24:56","date_gmt":"2022-05-30T15:24:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/?page_id=2419"},"modified":"2023-06-27T21:27:00","modified_gmt":"2023-06-28T00:27:00","slug":"cq239","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq239\/","title":{"rendered":"CQ239 &#8211; FisQuim Exptl."},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>O contexto hist\u00f3rico &#8211; Motiva\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Com o progresso das ci\u00eancias naturais no s\u00e9culo XIX, a Qu\u00edmica se beneficiou enormemente do progresso tecnol\u00f3gico que permitiu a medida de quantidades antes inacess\u00edveis. Em particular, as trocas de energia entre os sistemas se tornaram quase corriqueiras em vista da inven\u00e7\u00e3o da bomba calorim\u00e9trica por Berthelot, e das leis de Lavoisier e Hess.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-1 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-2419 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/lavoisier\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/LAVOISIER-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-78\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-78'>\n\t\t\t\tAntoine Lavoisier\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/250px-marcellin_berthelot\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/250px-Marcellin_Berthelot-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/hess_germain_henri\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/Hess_Germain_Henri-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-80\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-80'>\n\t\t\t\tGermain Henri Hess\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)&#8230;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Pierre E. Berthelot (1827-1907)&#8230;.. \u00a0\u00a0 &#8230; e Germain Henri Hess (1802-1850)<\/p>\n<p>Por outro lado, estas leis s\u00f3 se tornaram pass\u00edveis de uso devido aos avan\u00e7os da Matem\u00e1tica da \u00e9poca. A grande sacada foi a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o (principalmente por <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beno%C3%AEt_Paul-%C3%89mile_Clapeyron\">Clapeyron<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermann_von_Helmholtz\">Helmholtz<\/a> e Gibbs) de que as propriedades termodin\u00e2micas extensivas (U, H, F, G, S, V etc.) podem ser entendidas como &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_estado\">fun\u00e7\u00f5es de estado<\/a>&#8221; (fun\u00e7\u00f5es matem\u00e1ticas imagin\u00e1rias que respeitam os teoremas de Green, Gauss e Stokes). Isto torna todos os trabalhos muito f\u00e1ceis, pois para qualquer processo de interesse pode-se montar um ciclo termodin\u00e2mico apropriado. Balan\u00e7os de massa e energia s\u00f3 s\u00e3o poss\u00edveis gra\u00e7as \u00e0 lei de Hess. Portanto, \u00e9 interessante para os qu\u00edmicos e engenheiros qu\u00edmicos terem um s\u00f3lido conhecimento de <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Termodin%C3%A2mica\">Termodin\u00e2mica<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Esta disciplina<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No segundo ano dos cursos de Qu\u00edmica e Engenharia Qu\u00edmica, os alunos s\u00e3o introduzidos \u00e0 parte de Termodin\u00e2mica, em particular nas disciplinas de Termodin\u00e2mica e Eletroqu\u00edmica (CQ112) ou F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica I (CQ046). Esta disciplina CQ050\/CQ239 tem a fun\u00e7\u00e3o de fornecer suporte emp\u00edrico para as disciplinas CQ112 e CQ046. N\u00e3o basta decorar a lei; o aluno tem que ver acontecer na sua frente para alcan\u00e7ar a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o do conceito. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2022\/05\/CQ239_FQ_Exptal_Ficha2.pdf\">Ficha 2 de CQ239<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 33%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-2 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-2419 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/dsc00350\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/DSC00350-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-322\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-322'>\n\t\t\t\tcalor\u00edmetro\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/fig-exp-avogadro\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/fig-exp-avogadro-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-323\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-323'>\n\t\t\t\tCircuito para medir a constante de Avogadro\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/nh4cl_formation\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/NH4Cl_formation-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-324\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-324'>\n\t\t\t\tCiclo termodin\u00e2mico \n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><strong>Bibliografia e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq239-restrito\/\">material suplementar<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nesta disciplina o texto-base ser\u00e1 F\u00edsico-Qu\u00edmica, de Peter Atkins (volume 1, cap\u00edtulos 0 a 9). A apostila do laborat\u00f3rio conter\u00e1 o material abordado. Recomenda-se que o aluno leia com calma este material antes das aulas, para n\u00e3o ficar perdido.<\/p>\n<p>Durante este semestre ser\u00e3o realizadas dez pr\u00e1ticas ilustrando este material. Antes de cada exame parcial, ser\u00e1 dada uma aula de revis\u00e3o das cinco pr\u00e1ticas realizadas naquela parte. Nesta aula ser\u00e3o abordadas 1) teoria, 2) c\u00e1lculos, 3) confec\u00e7\u00e3o e interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de gr\u00e1ficos e 4) c\u00e1lculo de erro das propriedades medidas. Dois arquivos com exerc\u00edcios extras estar\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis para download no link acima.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avalia\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Para as turmas A e E, dois exames parciais, cada um valendo 100 (cem) pontos, ser\u00e3o aplicados nas seguintes datas:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>26 de julho &#8211; 13 de setembro<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Qualquer situa\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o-prevista ser\u00e1 resolvida a crit\u00e9rio do professor respons\u00e1vel. Por isso, recomenda-se que em situa\u00e7\u00f5es estranhas contacte-se o professor <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel<\/span>.<\/em>Ser\u00e3o considerados aprovados os alunos que atingirem m\u00e9dia 70 (setenta) ap\u00f3s computadas as notas dos dois exames (60%), dos dez relat\u00f3rios (30%) e notas de participa\u00e7\u00e3o e prepara\u00e7\u00e3o para as pr\u00e1ticas (10%). Os alunos com m\u00e9dia entre 40 e 69 prestar\u00e3o um exame final na data de<strong> 20 de\u00a0 setembro de 2022.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 {\n\t\t\t\tmargin: auto;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 .gallery-item {\n\t\t\t\tfloat: left;\n\t\t\t\tmargin-top: 10px;\n\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\n\t\t\t\twidth: 25%;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 img {\n\t\t\t\tborder: 2px solid #cfcfcf;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t#gallery-3 .gallery-caption {\n\t\t\t\tmargin-left: 0;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\/* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes\/media.php *\/\n\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t<div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-2419 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/semiempiricos-2\/dsc00368\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/DSC00368-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-121\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-121'>\n\t\t\t\tJoaquim D. Da Motta\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq239\/rmqm2\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2022\/05\/rmqm2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Regina Maria Queiroz\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-2438\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-2438'>\n\t\t\t\tRegina Maria Queiroz\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq239\/servletrecuperafoto\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2022\/05\/servletrecuperafoto-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-2429\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-2429'>\n\t\t\t\tLiliana Micaroni\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><dl class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<dt class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/cq050\/edu_photo\/#main'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/edu_photo-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-3-319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/edu_photo-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/edu_photo-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2016\/07\/edu_photo.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/dt>\n\t\t\t\t<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-3-319'>\n\t\t\t\tEduardo Lemos de S\u00e1\n\t\t\t\t<\/dd><\/dl><br style=\"clear: both\" \/>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>Turma\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A, E\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0B\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 C, F\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 D<\/p>\n<p>Dia\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ter\u00e7a-feira\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Quinta-feira\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Sexta-feira\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ter\u00e7a-feira<\/p>\n<p>Hora\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a013:30, 15:30\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 7:30\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a07:30, 19:00\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a07:30<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><strong><em>A seguir: exame final, ter\u00e7a-feira, 4\/julho, 15:30 h<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Resultados do Primeiro Semestre de 2022:<\/h2>\n<table style=\"width: 90.8289%;height: 290px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\"><strong>Aluno<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;height: 24px\"><strong>Turma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><strong>P1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><b>P2<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><b>relat\u00f3rios<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><b>M\u00e9dia<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><b>Exame Final<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><b>Nota Final<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">LISC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">70 \ud83d\ude10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">82 \ud83d\ude00<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">6,85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">73<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">NDM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">83 \ud83d\ude00<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">6,85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">66<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">86<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 26px\">DPD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">57<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">77 \ud83d\ude42<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">6,85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">65<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">68<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 26px\">67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">ER<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">48<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">75 \ud83d\ude42<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">6,85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">61<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">ACM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">58<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">55<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">6,85<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">60<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">39<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">ERFBDS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">46<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">NC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">4,40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">33<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">GLRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">25 \u00a0\ud83d\udea9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">32\u00a0\ud83d\udea9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">4,40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">35<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">KNCDS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">10 \u00a0\ud83d\udea9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">33\u00a0\ud83d\udea9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">4,00<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">33<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">&#8212;<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\">IBNDS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">NC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\"><strong>Turma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;height: 24px;text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0A<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><strong>\u00a056,2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;height: 24px\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><strong>\u00a0&#8230;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"width: 5.92709%;height: 24px\"><strong>Turma<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.19411%;height: 24px;text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0E<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.8427%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><strong>\u00a030,0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4199%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><strong>\u00a0<b>&#8230;<\/b>\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.4212%;text-align: center;height: 24px\">\u00a0<b>&#8230;<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.7793%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.5536%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.3711%;text-align: center;height: 24px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O contexto hist\u00f3rico &#8211; Motiva\u00e7\u00e3o Com o progresso das ci\u00eancias naturais no s\u00e9culo XIX, a Qu\u00edmica se beneficiou enormemente do progresso tecnol\u00f3gico que permitiu a medida de quantidades antes inacess\u00edveis. Em particular, as trocas de energia entre os sistemas se tornaram quase corriqueiras em vista da inven\u00e7\u00e3o da bomba calorim\u00e9trica por Berthelot, e das leis [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2419","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2419","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2419"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2419\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2775,"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2419\/revisions\/2775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.quimica.ufpr.br\/paginas\/joaquim-motta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2419"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}